OSXCollector - A Forensic Evidence Collection & Analysis Toolkit For OS X
OSXCollector is a forensic evidence collection & analysis toolkit for OSX.
Forensic Collection
The collection script runs on a potentially infected machine and outputs a JSON file that describes the target machine. OSXCollector gathers information from plists, SQLite databases and the local file system.
Forensic Analysis
Armed with the forensic collection, an analyst can answer the question like:
Performing Collection
If you have just cloned the GitHub repository,
IMPORTANT: please make sure that
The JSON output of the collector, along with some helpful files like system logs, has been bundled into a .tar.gz for hand-off to an analyst.
Details of Collection
The collector outputs a
Common Keys
Every Record
Each line of the JSON file records 1 piece of information. There are some common keys that appear in every JSON record:
File Records
For records representing files there are a bunch of useful keys:
SQLite Records
For records representing a row of a SQLite database:
For records that represent data associated with a specific user:
Timestamps
OSXCollector attempts to convert timestamps to human readable date/time strings in the format
Sections
The current version of OSXCollector.
Collects basic information about the system:
Collects the Kernel extensions from:
Collects information about the LaunchAgents, LaunchDaemons, ScriptingAdditions, StartupItems and other login items from:
More information about the Max OS X startup can be found here: http://www.malicious-streams.com/article/Mac_OSX_Startup.pdf
Hashes installed applications and gathers install history from:
Quarantines are basically the info necessary to show the 'Are you sure you wanna run this?' when a user is trying to open a file downloaded from the Internet. For some more details, checkout the Apple Support explanation of Quarantines:http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3662
This section collects also information from XProtect hash-based malware check for quarantines files. The plist is at:
XProtect also add minimum versions for Internet Plugins. That plist is at:
Hashes all users' downloaded files from:
Collects following information from Google Chrome web browser:
Collects information from the different SQLite databases in a Firefox profile:
For more details about Firefox profile folder see http://kb.mozillazine.org/Profile_folder_-_Firefox
Collects information from the different plists and SQLite databases in a Safari profile:
Collects information about users' accounts:
Hashes files in the mail app directories:
Hashes all the files on disk. All of 'em. This does not run by default. It must be triggered with:
Basic Manual Analysis
Forensic analysis is a bit of art and a bit of science. Every analyst will see a bit of a different story when reading the output from OSXCollector. That's part of what makes analysis fun.
Generally, collection is performed on a target machine because something is hinky: anti-virus found a file it doesn't like, deep packet inspect observed a callout, endpoint monitoring noticed a new startup item. The details of this initial alert - a file path, a timestamp, a hash, a domain, an IP, etc. - that's enough to get going.
Timestamps
Simply greping a few minutes before and after a timestamp works great:
Browser History
It's in there. A tool like jq can be very helpful to do some fancy output:
A Single User
Automated Analysis
The OSXCollector Output Filters project contains filters that process and transform the output of OSXCollector. The goal of filters is to make it easy to analyze OSXCollector output.
Development Tips
The functionality of OSXCollector is stored in a single file:
Ensure that all of the OSXCollector tests pass before editing the source code. You can run the tests using:
After making changes to the source code, run
License
This work is licensed under the GNU General Public License and a derivation of https://github.com/jipegit/OSXAuditor
Blog post
Presentations
External Presentations
Resources
Want to learn more about OS X forensics?
Forensic Collection
The collection script runs on a potentially infected machine and outputs a JSON file that describes the target machine. OSXCollector gathers information from plists, SQLite databases and the local file system.
Forensic Analysis
Armed with the forensic collection, an analyst can answer the question like:
- Is this machine infected?
- How'd that malware get there?
- How can I prevent and detect further infection?
Performing Collection
osxcollector.py
is a single Python file that runs without any dependencies on a standard OSX machine. This makes it really easy to run collection on any machine - no fussing with brew, pip, config files, or environment variables. Just copy the single file onto the machine and run it:sudo osxcollector.py
is all it takes.$ sudo osxcollector.py
Wrote 35394 lines.
Output in osxcollect-2014_12_21-08_49_39.tar.gz
osxcollector.py
is inside osxcollector/
directory, so you need to run it as:$ sudo osxcollector/osxcollector.py
python
command on your Mac OS X machine uses the default Python interpreter shipped with the system and is not overridden, e.g. by the Python version installed through brew. OSXCollector relies on a couple of native Python bindings for OS X libraries, which might be not available in other Python versions than the one originally installed on your system. Alternatively, you can run osxcollector.py
explicitly specifying the Python version you would like to use:$ sudo /usr/bin/python2.7 osxcollector/osxcollector.py
osxcollector.py
also has a lot of useful options to change how collection works:-
-i INCIDENT_PREFIX
/--id=INCIDENT_PREFIX
: Sets an identifier which is used as the prefix of the output file. The default value isosxcollect
.$ sudo osxcollector.py -i IncontinentSealord Wrote 35394 lines. Output in IncontinentSealord-2014_12_21-08_49_39.tar.gz
-
-p ROOTPATH
/--path=ROOTPATH
: Sets the path to the root of the filesystem to run collection on. The default value is/
. This is great for running collection on the image of a disk.$ sudo osxcollector.py -p '/mnt/powned'
-
-s SECTION
/--section=SECTION
: Runs only a portion of the full collection. Can be specified more than once. The full list of sections and subsections is:version
system_info
kext
startup
launch_agents
scripting_additions
startup_items
login_items
applications
applications
install_history
quarantines
downloads
downloads
email_downloads
old_email_downloads
chrome
history
archived_history
cookies
login_data
top_sites
web_data
databases
local_storage
preferences
firefox
cookies
downloads
formhistory
history
signons
permissions
addons
extension
content_prefs
health_report
webapps_store
json_files
safari
downloads
history
extensions
databases
localstorage
extension_files
accounts
system_admins
system_users
social_accounts
recent_items
mail
full_hash
$ sudo osxcollector.py -s 'startup' -s 'downloads'
-
-c
/--collect-cookies
: Collect cookies' value. By default OSXCollector does not dump the value of a cookie, as it may contain sensitive information (e.g. session id). -
-l
/--collect-local-storage
: Collect the values stored in web browsers' local storage. By default OSXCollector does not dump the values as they may contain sensitive information. -
-d
/--debug
: Enables verbose output and python breakpoints. If something is wrong with OSXCollector, try this.$ sudo osxcollector.py -d
Details of Collection
The collector outputs a
.tar.gz
containing all the collected artifacts. The archive contains a JSON file with the majority of information. Additionally, a set of useful logs from the target system logs are included.Common Keys
Every Record
Each line of the JSON file records 1 piece of information. There are some common keys that appear in every JSON record:
osxcollector_incident_id
: A unique ID shared by every record.osxcollector_section
: The section or type of data this record holds.osxcollector_subsection
: The subsection or more detailed descriptor of the type of data this record holds.
File Records
For records representing files there are a bunch of useful keys:
atime
: The file accessed time.ctime
: The file creation time.mtime
: The file modified time.file_path
: The absolute path to the file.md5
: MD5 hash of the file contents.sha1
: SHA1 hash of the file contents.sha2
: SHA2 hash of the file contents.
xattr-wherefrom
: A list containing the source and referrer URLs for the downloaded file.xattr-quarantines
: A string describing which application downloaded the file.
SQLite Records
For records representing a row of a SQLite database:
osxcollector_table_name
: The table name the row comes from.osxcollector_db_path
: The absolute path to the SQLite file.
osxcollector_username
: The name of the user
Timestamps
OSXCollector attempts to convert timestamps to human readable date/time strings in the format
YYYY-mm-dd hh:MM:ss
. It uses heuristics to automatically identify various timestamps:- seconds since epoch
- milliseconds since epoch
- seconds since 2001-01-01
- seconds since 1601-01-01
Sections
version
sectionThe current version of OSXCollector.
system_info
sectionCollects basic information about the system:
- system name
- node name
- release
- version
- machine
kext
sectionCollects the Kernel extensions from:
/System/Library/Extensions
/Library/Extensions
startup
sectionCollects information about the LaunchAgents, LaunchDaemons, ScriptingAdditions, StartupItems and other login items from:
/System/Library/LaunchAgents
/System/Library/LaunchDaemons
/Library/LaunchAgents
~/Library/LaunchAgents
/Library/LaunchDaemons
/System/Library/ScriptingAdditions
/Library/ScriptingAdditions
/System/Library/StartupItems
/Library/StartupItems
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginitems.plist
applications
sectionHashes installed applications and gathers install history from:
/Applications
~/Applications
/Library/Receipts/InstallHistory.plist
quarantines
sectionQuarantines are basically the info necessary to show the 'Are you sure you wanna run this?' when a user is trying to open a file downloaded from the Internet. For some more details, checkout the Apple Support explanation of Quarantines:http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3662
This section collects also information from XProtect hash-based malware check for quarantines files. The plist is at:
/System/Library/CoreServices/CoreTypes.bundle/Contents/Resources/XProtect.plist
XProtect also add minimum versions for Internet Plugins. That plist is at:
/System/Library/CoreServices/CoreTypes.bundle/Contents/Resources/XProtect.meta.plist
downloads
sectionHashes all users' downloaded files from:
~/Downloads
~/Library/Mail Downloads
~/Library/Containers/com.apple.mail/Data/Library/Mail Downloads
chrome
sectionCollects following information from Google Chrome web browser:
- History
- Archived History
- Cookies
- Extensions
- Login Data
- Top Sites
- Web Data
~/Library/Application Support/Google/Chrome/Default
firefox
sectionCollects information from the different SQLite databases in a Firefox profile:
- Cookies
- Downloads
- Form History
- History
- Signons
- Permissions
- Addons
- Extensions
- Content Preferences
- Health Report
- Webapps Store
~/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles
For more details about Firefox profile folder see http://kb.mozillazine.org/Profile_folder_-_Firefox
safari
sectionCollects information from the different plists and SQLite databases in a Safari profile:
- Downloads
- History
- Extensions
- Databases
- Local Storage
accounts
sectionCollects information about users' accounts:
- system admins:
/private/var/db/dslocal/nodes/Default/groups/admin.plist
- system users:
/private/var/db/dslocal/nodes/Default/users
- social accounts:
~/Library/Accounts/Accounts3.sqlite
- users' recent items:
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.recentitems.plist
mail
sectionHashes files in the mail app directories:
~/Library/Mail
~/Library/Mail Downloads
full_hash
sectionHashes all the files on disk. All of 'em. This does not run by default. It must be triggered with:
$ sudo osxcollector.py -s full_hash
Basic Manual Analysis
Forensic analysis is a bit of art and a bit of science. Every analyst will see a bit of a different story when reading the output from OSXCollector. That's part of what makes analysis fun.
Generally, collection is performed on a target machine because something is hinky: anti-virus found a file it doesn't like, deep packet inspect observed a callout, endpoint monitoring noticed a new startup item. The details of this initial alert - a file path, a timestamp, a hash, a domain, an IP, etc. - that's enough to get going.
Timestamps
Simply greping a few minutes before and after a timestamp works great:
$ cat INCIDENT32.json | grep '2014-01-01 11:3[2-8]'
Browser History
It's in there. A tool like jq can be very helpful to do some fancy output:
$ cat INCIDENT32.json | grep '2014-01-01 11:3[2-8]' | jq 'select(has("url"))|.url'
A Single User
$ cat INCIDENT32.json | jq 'select(.osxcollector_username=="ivanlei")|.'
Automated Analysis
The OSXCollector Output Filters project contains filters that process and transform the output of OSXCollector. The goal of filters is to make it easy to analyze OSXCollector output.
Development Tips
The functionality of OSXCollector is stored in a single file:
osxcollector.py
. The collector should run on a naked install of OS X without any additional packages or dependencies.Ensure that all of the OSXCollector tests pass before editing the source code. You can run the tests using:
make test
After making changes to the source code, run
make test
again to verify that your changes did not break any of the tests.License
This work is licensed under the GNU General Public License and a derivation of https://github.com/jipegit/OSXAuditor
Blog post
- OSXCollector: Forensic Collection and Automated Analysis for OS X by Ivan Leichtling
Presentations
- OSXCollector: Automated forensic evidence collection & analysis for OS X by Kuba Sendor @ BruCON 0x07
- Squashing Rotten Apples: Automated forensics & analysis for Mac OS X with OSXCollector by Kuba Sendor @ BSides Manchester 2015
- OSXCollector by Ivan Leichtling @ Macbrained's August Meet-Up
- OSXCollector - Automated Forensic Evidence Collection & Analysis for OS X by Ivan Leichtling @ OpenNSM
- OSXCollector - Automated Forensic Evidence Collection & Analysis for OS X by Ivan Leichtling @ Duo Tech Talk (blog post)
External Presentations
- OSX Archaeology: Becoming Indiana Jones with OSXCollector and Strata by Chris Henderson & Justin Larson @ SAINTCon 2015
Resources
Want to learn more about OS X forensics?
- Sarah Edward's mac4n6.com - The best presentations on Mac forensics.
- KnockKnock - KnockKnock is a command line python script that displays persistent OS X binaries that are set to execute automatically at each boot.
- Grr - Google Rapid Response: remote live forensics for incident response
- osquery - SQL powered operating system instrumentation, monitoring, and analytics
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